- Near or next to.
- From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.
- Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval); before.
- After a given amount of time has elapsed or a given event has occurred.
Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of.
- Following a passive verb.
- Following a noun.
- Following an adjective.
- Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.
- Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.
- Indicates an authority according to which something is done.
Indicates an authority according to which something is done.
- Invokes an authority in an oath.
- Indicates a means of classification or organisation.
- Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy
- In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
- [with the] Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically)
- Per; with or in proportion to each.
- Indicates a referenced source: According to.
- Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.
- Multiplied by or (chiefly South Asia) divided by.
- Designates a horse's sire (“male parent”).
- At; with; among.
- In a windward direction, sailing near to the direction from which the wind is blowing.
Lingaku