Expressing distance or motion.
- Since, from (a given time, earlier state etc.).
- From, away from (a position, number, distance etc.).
Expressing separation.
- Indicating removal, absence or separation, with the action indicated by a transitive verb and the quality or substance by a grammatical object.
- Indicating removal, absence or separation, with resulting state indicated by an adjective.
Expressing origin.
- Indicating an ancestral source or origin of descent.
- Introducing an epithet that indicates a birthplace, residence, dominion, or other place associated with the individual.
- Indicating a (non-physical) source of action or emotion; introducing a cause, instigation; from, out of, as an expression of.
- Indicates the source or cause of the verb.
- Indicates the subject or cause of the adjective.
Expressing agency.
- Indicates the agent (for most verbs, now usually expressed with by).
- Used to introduce the "subjective genitive"; following a noun to form the head of a postmodifying noun phrase (see also 'Possession' senses below).
- Used to indicate the agent of something described by the adjective.
Expressing composition, substance.
- Used to indicate the material or substance used.
- Used to indicate the material of the just-mentioned object.
- Indicating the composition of a given collective or quantitative noun.
- Used to link a given class of things with a specific example of that class.
- Links two nouns in near-apposition, with the first qualifying the second; "which is also".
Introducing subject matter.
- Links an intransitive verb, or a transitive verb and its subject (especially verbs to do with thinking, feeling, expressing etc.), with its subject-matter; concerning, with regard to.
- Introduces its subject matter; about, concerning.
- Introduces its subject matter.
Having partitive effect.
- Introduces the whole for which is indicated only the specified part or segment; "from among".
- Indicates a given part.
- Links to a genitive noun or possessive pronoun, with partitive effect (though now often merged with possessive senses, below; see also double possessive).
Expressing possession.
- Belonging to, existing in, or taking place in a given location, place or time. Compare "origin" senses, above.
- Belonging to (a place) through having title, ownership or control over it.
- Belonging to (someone or something) as something they possess or have as a characteristic; the "possessive genitive". (With abstract nouns, this intersects with the subjective genitive, above under "agency" senses.)
- Forming the "objective genitive".
Forming the "objective genitive".
- Follows an agent noun, verbal noun or noun of action.
Expressing qualities or characteristics.
- Indicates a quality or characteristic; "characterized by".
- Indicates quantity, age, price, etc.
- Used to link singular indefinite nouns (preceded by the indefinite article) and attributive adjectives modified by certain common adverbs of degree.米国, くだけた
Expressing a point in time.
- During the course of (a set period of time, day of the week etc.), now specifically with implied repetition or regularity.地域的
- For (a given length of time).英国, 方言
- Indicates duration of a state, activity etc.
- Before (the hour); to (the hour).米国
Expressing a point in time. / Before (the hour); to (the hour).
- Often used without the hour.米国, くだけた
Lingaku