Grammar

to exist (inanimate objects), there is/are, to have

how many, how old

how much (price), cost

when

to exist (animate beings), there is/are (living things), to have (animate)

question marker, interrogative

subject marker, subject, emphasizes

but, however, though

past, i-adjectives

from, since

because, since, reasoning

good at, skilled at, proficient in

bad at, unskilled at, poor at

like, to like

dislike, hate

not, negative, i-adjectives

not, past, negative, i-adjectives

about, approximately, around, as much as

but, though, however, informal contrast

like this, like that, how

here, there, over there, where

this way, that way, over there, which way

this, that, that over there, which

this, that, that over there, which

like this, like that, what kind of

past, verbs

is, to be, informal

want to do, desire (verbs)

only, just, as much as

was, informal past

do things like ~ and ~

probably, casual guess, informal uncertainty

counter for general objects

te-form

location of action, means, by, with

ongoing action, state, continuous

after doing ~, since doing ~

please do, polite request

was, to be, polite past

probably, polite guess, polite uncertainty

copula (to be), polite

is not, polite negative

was not, polite past negative

not allowed to do, must not, prohibited

is not, informal negative

was not, informal past negative

it's okay to do, may, can

and, with

why, for what reason, how come

how, by what means, in what way

how long, how much, how far, to what extent

not, negative, verbs

without doing, do not

please don't, do not (verbs)

not, past, negative, verbs

location, time, direction, purpose

isn't it, right, confirmation, agreement

nominalization

possession, attribute, of, 's

because, since, softer reasoning

the most in, the best in, among

topic marker, as for, contrast

direction, to, toward

polite past tense (verbs)

polite volitional form, let's do

polite non-past (verbs)

polite non-past negative (verbs)

won't you?, shall we?, inviting someone

polite negative past tense (verbs)

until, to, as far as

also, too

and, such as, non-exhaustive list

emphasis, assertion, certainty

more than, compared to

direct object marker, object, action target

what

how many, what kind, which (counter-based question)

who

humble form

honorific form, respectful form

nominalization (actions)

have the experience of ~, there are times when ~

this much, that much, that much (over there), how much, degree, extent

nothing but, only

too much, excessively

it looks like ~, it seems ~, appears ~

not only ~ but also ~

intend to, plan to, supposed to

honorific for ～ている, respectful ongoing actions

polite copula, humble, honorific, neutral

completely, unfortunately, accidentally, to finish

I wonder if, polite question, could it be

think that

say that, call (something), it is said that

hard to do, difficult to do

to make something ~, decide on ~

had better, it’s better to, should

easy to do

volitional, let’s, I’ll, intention, suggestion, decision

honorific prefix

verb stem, conjunctive, continuative form