- apart from; besides; in addition to (used to exclude, as in 除了他，除了他，谁也没来【chú le tā , shéi yě méi lái】 "apart from him, nobody came", or to include, as in 除了英語，除了英语，他也会法语【chú le Yīng yǔ , tā yě huì Fǎ yǔ】 "in addition to English, he also knows French")
- (used to introduce one of two habitual alternatives in the pattern 除了【chú le】 + A + 就是【jiù shì】 + B, "either A or B")
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