- imperial five punishments of feudal China, up to Han times: tattooing characters on the forehead 墨【mò】, cutting off the nose 劓【yì】, amputation of one or both feet 刖【yuè】, castration 宫【gōng】, execution 大辟【dà pì】
- Han dynasty onwards: whipping 笞【chī】, beating the legs and buttocks with rough thorns 杖【zhàng】, forced labor 徒【tú】, exile or banishment 流【liú】, capital punishment 死【sǐ】
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