the five treaty ports forced on Qing China by the 1842 treaty of Nanjing 南京条约 that concluded the First Opium War, namely: Guangzhou 广州, Fuzhou 福州, Ningbo 宁波, Xiamen or Amoy 厦门 and Shanghai 上海
the five treaty ports forced on Qing China by the 1842 treaty of Nanjing 南京条约 that concluded the First Opium War, namely: Guangzhou 广州, Fuzhou 福州, Ningbo 宁波, Xiamen or Amoy 厦门 and Shanghai 上海
Lingaku