The lesson

7.4 Limitation

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Overview

Learn to express limitation using だけ ("only / just") for neutral restriction, and しか~ない ("nothing but / only") for emphasizing that there is no alternative or that something is not enough.

だけ — “only / just”

is used to indicate that something is limited to only the thing mentioned. It means only.

Basic structure:

N / V / Adj + だけ

I will drink only water.

だけ can also follow verbs, adjectives, or clauses:

I’m just looking.

~しか~ない — “nothing but / only”

~しか~ない is used to say that there is no more than this. It strongly emphasizes restriction or lack of options, it suggests that there is no alternative or that it is not enough.

This is the only method.

After a verb:

There is nothing to do but look.

Points to keep in mind

  • だけ — neutral limitation
  • ~しか~ない emphasizes lack of alternatives

Dialogue

Today I only had a thousand yen in my wallet. So for lunch I bought just one rice ball. I really wanted to eat more, but that was the only option I had. In the afternoon I called a friend. But I only had five minutes to talk, so we only chatted briefly. In the evening I stopped by the supermarket. I only needed eggs today, so I only bought those. There was only one person in the checkout line, so it was over quickly. After getting home, I did my homework. There were only three questions left, so I finished quickly. All day I could only do things that were enjoyable without spending money. But I feel just a little bit fulfilled.

Grammar

TitleDescription
だけ
only / just (neutral restriction)
しか
nothing but / only (used with negative verb, emphasizes insufficiency)

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