の次に follows a noun and means "next after it": what comes next in an order, or what ranks just below it.
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After spring comes summer.
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After Tanaka, Yamada will give the presentation.
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After math, English is my favorite subject.
In a ranking, the noun before の次に is first and the one with is second. Before an adjective that describes a noun, it gives "the second most": is the second-highest mountain.
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After my older brother, I'm the tallest.
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What is the second-highest mountain after Mt. Fuji?
の次に or の後で
is "after" in time: once one thing is over, the next happens. の次に is "next" in a line – a queue, a programme, a menu, a ranking. "After lunch" is 昼ご飯の後で; the order of speakers or courses takes の次に.
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I'll take a walk after lunch.
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After the soup, the salad comes out.
Before a noun, に becomes : , "I get off at the station after this one".