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LingakuLingakuお + [noun] ご + [noun] お + [i-adj] お / ご + [na-adj]
お and ご go in front of a noun or an adjective and make it polite. お goes on native Japanese words, the ones read with kun-readings or written in kana: なまえ名前, みず水, いそがしい忙しい. ご goes on kanji compounds read with on-readings: じゅうしょ住所, かぞく家族, れんらく連絡.
The rule has exceptions in both directions. A few on-reading words take お: おでんわお電話, おしょくじ食事, おじかんお時間, おげんき元気, おへんじお返事. A few native words take ご: ごゆっくり, ごもっとも. Learn these with the word.
On a noun, お and ご show respect for the person it belongs to. You use them for the other person's name, family and address, and drop them for your own.
The exception is something you do or give for the other person. Then the prefix is humble, and it goes on your own action: ごれんらくご連絡します, おでんわお電話します.
These go beyond お and ご as respect for someone else.
Many everyday words take お just to sound polite, whoever they belong to. This is especially common with food and drink.
Some words are almost never said without their prefix, even among friends: おかねお金, おちゃお茶, おかしお菓子, おふろお風呂, ごはんご飯. They no longer sound polite; they are simply the word. Without the prefix, めし飯 is rough, men's speech.
Words borrowed from English and other languages, written in katakana, normally take no prefix: ×おコーヒー. A handful, like おといれトイレ and おびいるビール, take お in shop talk or in a softer register.