adds one more fact on top of others, as the one that settles things: "and on top of that", "and to cap it all". It goes after the plain form of a verb or an い-adjective, or straight after a noun or a な-adjective stem, and the first half usually already lists something with
or
.
、。
He's irresponsible, and on top of that he's a liar.
、。
This flat is small, and to cap it all it's far from the station.
、、。
It's expensive and the food is bad too, so nobody goes.
The last fact makes the conclusion obvious, so ときている is often followed by or and the result.
、、。
The pay is low and there are hardly any days off, so of course people want to quit.
ときている or 上に and しかも
and
add a fact and stay neutral. ときている adds the speaker's reaction: a complaint, or, less often, admiration – "on top of all that, would you believe".
。、。
This place is cheap. And it's good, too.
、。。
She's beautiful, and on top of that she's clever. No wonder everyone admires her.
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The pattern is emphatic commentary, at home in essays, columns and heated talk. In plain conversation, or at the start of the sentence carries the same addition.
、。
It's small, and it's far from the station too.
Lingaku