である is the copula of formal writing: it does the job of in essays, reports, newspapers and academic papers. It goes straight after a noun or a な-adjective.
。
The cause of this problem is clear.
である, だ and です
is polite and speaks to a reader. である is impersonal, neither rude nor polite: the voice of a textbook or a report.
is plain as well, but reads as more casual.
A text picks one style, the である style or the です・ます style, and keeps to it. A です sentence in the middle of a である essay is a mistake.
。
Humans are social animals.
。
Humans are social animals.
Conjugation
である conjugates like the verb , except that its negative is .
- – was
- / – is not
- – was not
- / – is, and…
- – probably is
、。
At that time, he was still a student.
。
This is not a simple problem.
、。
He is a doctor and also a researcher.
Usage notes
These go beyond the end of a sentence.
Before a noun
である can describe a noun directly, where だ would turn into or . With after it, it turns a description into a noun.
。
He, being a student, goes to the library every day.
、。
Being free comes with responsibility.
であるべきだ
With , である says what something ought to be.
。
Education should be equal for all.