Conjugations:
である is a formal and literary copula that functions as an authoritative equivalent of だ. While だ is used in casual speech and です in polite speech, である is primarily found in written language – academic papers, newspaper articles, essays, legal documents, and formal speeches. It carries a tone of objectivity and authority.
である attaches directly to nouns and na-adjectives, just like だ.
である conjugates similarly to other verb-like structures:
Past: であった
Negative: ではない / でない
Past negative: ではなかった / でなかった
て-form: であって
Unlike だ, である can directly modify a following noun. This is common in formal writing.
With だ, you would need な or の to modify a noun, but である can do so directly: Noun + である + Noun.
Mixing である with polite endings like 〜~ます in the same text is generally avoided. Written Japanese typically commits to either the である調 (である style) or the ですます調 (です/ます style).
The phrase ~であるからこそ (precisely because it is ~) and ~であるべき (should be ~) are frequently seen in formal writing.