に基づいて【にもとづいて】

に基づいて is used to express that something is done based on or on the basis of a certain foundation, such as facts, rules, data, experience, or principles. It attaches to nouns and conveys that the action or decision that follows has a solid, legitimate basis.

Basic usage

にもとづいて基づいて connects a noun (the basis) with the action or statement that relies on it.

Modifying nouns: に基づいた / に基づく

When modifying a noun directly, にもとづいて基づいて changes to に基づいた or に基づく.

Both にもとづいた基づいた and にもとづく基づく can modify nouns, with にもとづく基づく being slightly more formal.

Nuance and usage notes

This expression is relatively formal and is commonly found in academic writing, news articles, legal contexts, and business settings. It implies that the basis is something objective and authoritative – facts, laws, research, data, plans, etc. – rather than personal feelings or vague reasons.

Compare with ～をもとに, which also means "based on" but can be used more broadly and casually. にもとづいて基づいて carries a stronger nuance of adhering to rules, principles, or established foundations, while をもとに is more flexible and often implies using something as raw material or inspiration.