reports a view that is generally held, often by experts: "is thought to be", "is believed to be". It follows a plain-form sentence, and a noun or a な-adjective takes だ before と, or nothing.
is the passive of
, and
says the view holds now; who holds it is left unsaid.
。
These ruins are thought to be about 5,000 years old.
。
Exercise is thought to be good for your health.
。
The universe is thought to have begun about 13.8 billion years ago.
A な-adjective never takes な before と.
- × 安全なと考えられている → 安全だと考えられている
と考えられている or と言われている
passes on what people say, reputation and folk wisdom included. と考えられている rests on reasoning or research, so it is the one for science, history and the news.
。
It is said that a dragon lives in this pond.
。
Dinosaurs are thought to be the ancestors of birds.
Usage notes
These go beyond the present-tense statement.
In polite speech the ending is と考えられています. と考えられていた gives a view that was held then and has since changed.
。
The main cause of global warming is thought to be human activity.
、。
Long ago, people thought the Earth was flat.
The negative
The negative usually takes after と: とは考えられていない.
。
This method is not thought to be effective.
Lingaku